Italy Space Governance

Key Takeaways

• governance centers on the Prime Minister.
• 2025 law defines private sector rules.
• ASI executes strategy with key ministries.

Introduction

Italy stands as a formidable power in the global aerospace sector, maintaining a unique position as one of the few nations capable of covering the entire space value chain. From the manufacturing of launchers and satellites to the management of launch services, orbital operations, and the analysis of downstream data, the Italian ecosystem is comprehensive. The governance of this intricate system is not merely administrative but strategic, designed to align national interests with commercial growth and international diplomacy.

The structure of Italian space governance is a “whole-of-government” approach. It integrates political leadership, military defense, scientific research, and industrial capability into a cohesive framework. At the helm sits the political leadership, directing policy through specialized committees, while the execution falls to the national space agency and a robust network of private and semi-private industrial players.

Understanding this structure requires an examination of how power flows from the Presidency of the Council of Ministers down to specific operational bodies. It also requires an analysis of the legislative environment, specifically the New Space Economy Law enacted in June 2025, which modernized the regulatory landscape to accommodate the growing commercial space sector. This article examines the roles, responsibilities, and interplay between the various entities that define Italy’s presence in orbit and beyond.

The Pinnacle of Governance: Presidency of the Council of Ministers

At the apex of the Italian space governance hierarchy is the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. This placement signals that space is not treated solely as a scientific endeavor or an industrial niche but as a strategic asset of the highest national priority. The Prime Minister holds the primary responsibility for political direction and coordination of space policies.

This centralization ensures that space activities align with broader national security, economic, and foreign policy objectives. Unlike systems where space might be siloed within a science or transport ministry, Italy’s model places it directly under the head of government. This allows for rapid decision-making and ensures that space policy receives the necessary political capital to navigate complex international negotiations and budget allocations.

The Presidency does not manage day-to-day operations. Instead, it delegates authority to specific ministers and committees to oversee the implementation of the national strategy. This delegation is fluid, allowing the government to adapt to changing political landscapes while maintaining a steady strategic course.

Strategic Coordination: The Interministerial Committee (COMINT)

Directly supporting the Presidency is the Interministerial Committee for Space and Aerospace Research Policies, known as COMINT. This body serves as the central nervous system for policy formulation. It brings together the heads of various ministries to ensure a unified approach to space activities.

COMINT is responsible for defining the government’s guidelines on space and aerospace matters. It approves the multi-year strategic documents that guide the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and ensures that the diverse interests of the nation – ranging from defense and intelligence to environmental monitoring and industrial competitiveness – are balanced.

The committee’s composition reflects the multifaceted nature of space. It includes representatives from the ministries of defense, foreign affairs, industry, research, and economy. This cross-functional makeup prevents the fragmentation of policy. For instance, when Italy decides to participate in a major European Space Agency(ESA) program, COMINT evaluates the proposal not just on its scientific merit, but on its industrial return for Italian companies and its alignment with national defense requirements.

The Delegated Authority: Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (MIMIT)

A significant evolution in Italian space governance is the prominent role assigned to the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (MIMIT). As the delegated authority for space, MIMIT has moved to the forefront of the operational hierarchy. This shift reflects the global transition from “Old Space” – dominated by government contracts and pure research – to the “New Space” economy, characterized by commercial ventures and private investment.

MIMIT issues authorizations for space activities, a function that has become increasingly significant following the passing of the New Space Economy Law in 2025. It acts as the gatekeeper for private entities wishing to launch objects into space or operate satellite constellations. Furthermore, MIMIT manages the national transmission capability reserve, ensuring that Italy maintains control over essential communication frequencies and orbital slots.

The ministry is also the primary driver of industrial policy. It oversees funding mechanisms designed to support the aerospace supply chain, from large prime contractors to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By aligning space policy with broader industrial goals, MIMIT ensures that investments in orbit translate into jobs and technological innovation on the ground.

The Scientific Backbone: Ministry of University and Research (MUR)

While MIMIT focuses on the industrial and commercial aspects, the Ministry of University and Research (MUR) maintains oversight of the scientific and academic dimensions of space exploration. MUR supervises ASI alongside MIMIT, ensuring that the agency remains grounded in its mandate to advance human knowledge.

MUR supports the vast network of universities and research centers that feed the space ecosystem with talent and innovation. It funds fundamental research in astrophysics, planetary science, and earth observation. Institutions like the National Research Council (CNR) and various university aerospace departments rely on MUR to maintain the laboratories and facilities where the next generation of space technology is conceptualized.

The synergy between MUR and MIMIT is vital. MUR funds the early-stage research that often matures into the commercial technologies fostered by MIMIT. This pipeline from the laboratory to the launchpad is a defining characteristic of the Italian system.

The Operational Heart: Italian Space Agency (ASI)

The Italian Space Agency (ASI) functions as the central body for defining and implementing national space policy and strategy. Founded in 1988, ASI translates the political directives of COMINT and the ministries into concrete programs and missions.

ASI coordinates national activities and manages Italy’s participation in international projects. It acts as the contracting authority, issuing tenders for the construction of satellites, launch vehicles, and ground infrastructure. The agency’s technical expertise allows it to supervise complex engineering projects and ensure that Italian industry delivers on its commitments.

One of ASI’s primary roles is managing Italy’s contribution to the European Space Agency. Italy is the third-largest contributor to ESA, and ASI ensures that this financial commitment results in significant industrial returns, known as “geo-return.” Through ASI’s negotiation, Italian companies have secured leadership roles in major programs such as the Vega launcher and the Copernicus Earth observation system.

ASI also operates the Broglio Space Centre in Malindi, Kenya, a historic launch site that is currently used for tracking and telemetry, maintaining Italy’s legacy as a space-faring nation with independent access capabilities.

Diplomacy and Defense: MAECI and Ministry of Defense

Space is a domain of international relations and national security, necessitating the involvement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MAECI) and the Ministry of Defense.

MAECI

MAECI coordinates international space policy and diplomacy. Space exploration often requires bilateral and multilateral agreements, such as the Artemis Accords, which Italy signed to govern civil exploration of the Moon and beyond. MAECI ensures that Italy’s space activities adhere to international law, including the Outer Space Treaty. It uses scientific diplomacy to strengthen ties with strategic partners like the United States and emerging space nations in the Mediterranean and Africa.

Ministry of Defense

The Ministry of Defense oversees the national security aspects of space. As space becomes a contested domain, the protection of orbital assets is paramount. The Ministry of Defense manages dual-use capabilities – technologies that serve both civilian and military purposes. A prime example is the COSMO-SkyMedconstellation. Funded jointly by ASI and the Ministry of Defense, this radar satellite system provides data for disaster management (civilian) and surveillance (military).

The Defense sector is also responsible for Space Situational Awareness (SSA), monitoring debris and potential threats to Italian satellites. The General Office for Space (UGS) and the Space Operations Command (COS) are the operational units within the defense structure tasked with these duties.

The Legal Framework: New Space Economy Law (June 2025)

In June 2025, Italy enacted the “New Space Economy Law,” a legislative milestone designed to provide a comprehensive framework for private sector activities. Before this law, the regulatory environment was fragmented, relying heavily on international treaty obligations without clear domestic procedures for commercial actors.

The law introduced several specific provisions:

• Authorization Process: It established a clear pathway for private companies to obtain licenses for space activities. Applications are processed through ASI and MIMIT, providing a streamlined “one-stop-shop” to reduce bureaucratic delays.
• National Register of Space Objects: The law mandated the creation of a national registry, compliant with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) standards. This registry tracks all objects launched by Italian entities, ensuring accountability.
• Mandatory Insurance: To protect the state from liability, the law requires private operators to hold specific insurance policies. These policies cover potential damages to third parties on Earth or in orbit, aligning with the Liability Convention.
• Environmental Impact Assessments: Reflecting growing concerns over orbital debris and launch emissions, the law requires environmental impact assessments for new missions. This encourages the adoption of sustainable practices, such as de-orbiting protocols for satellites at the end of their life.
• Space Economy Roadmap: The legislation mandates the creation of a long-term roadmap and dedicated funding streams to support the growth of the national ecosystem, ensuring stability for investors.

International and European Cooperation

Italy’s space strategy is deeply embedded in international frameworks. The country pursues a dual-track approach: strong integration within Europe and robust bilateral partnerships with global powers.

European Space Agency (ESA)

Participation in ESA is the cornerstone of Italian space policy. Italy contributes significantly to the ESA budget, securing leadership in launch systems (Vega) and Earth observation. The Vega C rocket, developed largely by Italian industry, is Europe’s primary light-lift launch vehicle. In Earth observation, Italy leads the development of the Copernicus expansion missions.

European Union (EU)

Italy is a key player in the EU Space Programme. It hosts critical infrastructure for the Galileo navigation system and the Copernicus environmental monitoring network. Furthermore, Italy is heavily involved in IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite), the EU’s secure connectivity constellation.

International Partnerships

Beyond Europe, Italy maintains a historic and privileged partnership with the United States. Through agreements with NASA, Italy is a key partner in the Artemis program. Italian industry is building pressurized habitation modules for the Lunar Gateway and providing logistics support. Bilateral ties also extend to cooperation within the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS), where Italy advocates for the sustainable use of space.

The National Ecosystem: Industry and Research

The effectiveness of Italy’s governance structure relies on a capable national ecosystem comprising large enterprises, SMEs, startups, and research centers.

Industry

The industrial landscape is anchored by major players like Leonardo, a global high-tech company that holds a 33% stake in the Thales Alenia Space joint venture (responsible for satellite systems and pressurized modules) and a 67% stake in Telespazio (responsible for satellite operations and services). Avio, based in Colleferro, is the prime contractor for the Vega launcher family, giving Italy independent access to space.

Below these prime contractors is a vibrant network of SMEs and startups. These companies specialize in propulsion, software, miniaturized components, and downstream applications. The 2025 law was specifically designed to help these smaller entities scale up by clarifying liability and providing state-backed guarantees for investment.

Research Centers

The Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA) is the national reference point for aerospace research. It operates specialized testing facilities, including plasma wind tunnels and crash test sites, which are essential for validating new technologies. Universities across Italy, such as the Politecnico di Milano and Sapienza University of Rome, collaborate closely with CIRA and ASI, ensuring a continuous flow of qualified engineers and scientists into the workforce.

Summary

Italy has established a sophisticated governance structure that effectively integrates political oversight, strategic planning, and industrial execution. From the Presidency of the Council of Ministers down to the specialized agencies and private enterprises, the system is designed to maximize the nation’s influence in the global space economy. The introduction of the New Space Economy Law in June 2025 marked a maturing of this system, providing the legal certainty necessary for the private sector to thrive. By balancing strong participation in ESA with independent capabilities and bilateral partnerships, Italy secures its status as a leading space nation, ready to address the challenges of lunar exploration, orbital security, and earth observation.

Appendix: Top 10 Questions Answered in This Article

Who leads Italy’s space governance?

The Presidency of the Council of Ministers leads the governance structure. The Prime Minister holds the primary responsibility for political direction, delegating authority to specific ministries and committees to oversee implementation.

What is the role of the Interministerial Committee for Space (COMINT)?

COMINT coordinates space policies across different government departments. It defines the government’s guidelines, approves strategic documents for the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and ensures a unified national approach involving defense, research, and industry.

What does the New Space Economy Law of June 2025 regulate?

The law provides a framework for private sector activities, including authorization processes for launches and satellite operations. It establishes a National Register of Space Objects, mandates insurance coverage for private operators, and requires environmental impact assessments.

What is the function of the Italian Space Agency (ASI)?

ASI acts as the central body for defining and implementing national space policy. It coordinates national activities, manages Italy’s participation in international projects like ESA and NASA, and serves as the contracting authority for industrial projects.

How is the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (MIMIT) involved in space?

MIMIT is the delegated authority for space, focusing on industrial policy and issuing authorizations for space activities. It manages the national transmission capability reserve and supports the aerospace supply chain, bridging the gap between policy and commercial execution.

What is Italy’s role in the European Space Agency (ESA)?

Italy is the third-largest contributor to ESA. It plays a leading role in the development of launch vehicles like Vega and major Earth observation programs, ensuring significant industrial returns for Italian companies through “geo-return” policies.

How does the Ministry of Defense contribute to Italy’s space sector?

The Ministry of Defense manages national security aspects, including Space Situational Awareness and the protection of orbital assets. It oversees dual-use technologies that serve both civilian and military purposes, such as the COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation.

What is the significance of the COSMO-SkyMed program?

COSMO-SkyMed is a dual-use radar satellite constellation funded by ASI and the Ministry of Defense. It provides high-resolution data for civilian disaster management and military surveillance, exemplifying the collaboration between scientific and defense sectors.

Who are the major industrial players in the Italian space ecosystem?

Key players include Leonardo, Thales Alenia Space, Telespazio, and Avio. These companies cover the full value chain, from manufacturing satellites and launch vehicles (Avio’s Vega) to managing satellite operations and services.

How does Italy participate in the Artemis program?

Italy is a partner in NASA’s Artemis program through bilateral agreements and ESA participation. Italian industry is responsible for building pressurized habitation modules for the Lunar Gateway and providing logistics support for lunar exploration.

Appendix: Top 10 Frequently Searched Questions Answered in This Article

What is the budget of the Italian Space Agency?

While the exact annual figure fluctuates, ASI manages a significant budget derived from the Ministry of University and Research and other government allocations. This funding covers national programs and Italy’s substantial mandatory and optional contributions to the European Space Agency.

Is Italy a member of ESA?

Yes, Italy is a founding member of the European Space Agency. It is currently the third-largest financial contributor to the agency, following France and Germany, giving it substantial influence over European space policy and industrial contracts.

Does Italy have its own launch site?

Italy owns the Broglio Space Centre in Malindi, Kenya. While historically used for launches, it is currently used primarily for satellite tracking and telemetry, though the capability for independent access remains a part of Italy’s historical legacy and future strategic considerations.

What rockets does Italy build?

Italy is the prime developer and manufacturer of the Vega rocket family, specifically the Vega C. Avio, an Italian company, is the prime contractor for these launchers, which specialize in placing small to medium-sized payloads into low Earth orbit.

What is the difference between ASI and ESA?

ASI is the national space agency of Italy, responsible for Italian strategy and national funding. ESA is an intergovernmental organization comprising multiple European member states. ASI represents Italy within ESA and manages Italy’s contributions to ESA programs.

How many satellites does Italy have?

Italy operates numerous satellites, including the COSMO-SkyMed generations, PRISMA, and various scientific and telecommunications satellites. The exact number fluctuates as new satellites are launched and older ones are decommissioned, all tracked in the National Register of Space Objects.

What companies are in the Italian space economy?

The ecosystem includes large prime contractors like Leonardo, Avio, Thales Alenia Space (Joint Venture), and Telespazio (Joint Venture). It also includes a growing number of SMEs and startups like D-Orbit and Argotec that focus on logistics, small satellites, and downstream applications.

What is the role of Leonardo in space?

Leonardo is a global high-tech company and a pillar of the Italian space industry. It manufactures satellite components, sensors, and instruments, and holds controlling or significant stakes in major joint ventures that build satellites and manage orbital services.

When was the Italian Space Agency founded?

The Italian Space Agency (ASI) was established in 1988. It was created to coordinate Italy’s growing investments in space technology and to provide a unified voice for Italy in international space cooperation.

What are the benefits of the New Space Economy Law?

The law creates legal certainty for investors by defining liability and authorization procedures. It encourages private investment, simplifies bureaucracy for startups, and ensures that Italian space activities are sustainable and compliant with international standards.