New Space EconomyBusiness, Technology, and Trends

Gravity can exist without mass if mass means rest mass alone. That is the cleanest answer. In modern physics, gravity is not produced only by things that have mass in the ordinary everyday sense, such as planets, rocks, people, or stars. Gravity is tied to energy, momentum, pressure, and the structure of spacetime itself as described by general relativity .

Iran's relationship with the cosmos predates its modern space program by centuries. Persian astronomers made significant contributions to celestial observation long before rockets existed, and the country's modern scientific traditions built on that legacy throughout the twentieth century. What began as a modest engagement with satellite communications technology in the early 1960s eventually became one of the developing world's most active and most scrutinized space programs.

The commercial space sector produced its first major economic activity in the 1990s, when satellite communications companies began launching constellations to serve mobile telephony and direct broadcast television. Books followed slowly, mostly from policy academics and retired aerospace engineers. The general audience had little to read beyond hagiographic NASA histories and speculative works by enthusiasts. That situation changed dramatically around 2018, when a wave of talented journalists and industry insiders began producing works that addressed the business, investment, and institutional dynamics of what had become a genuine commercial marketplace.

By March 2026, the visible signs of growth in space are hard to miss. Launch activity has increased sharply, satellite constellations have expanded, regulators are adjusting rules for much denser orbital traffic, and government agencies are structuring more work around commercial suppliers than they did a decade ago. The FAA now projects a much higher tempo of authorized space operations over the next decade than it did only a few years ago, with its 2025 forecast showing a high-case path from 183 FAA-authorized operations in fiscal 2025 to 566 in fiscal 2034. The OECD has also identified lower launch costs and the rollout of large broadband constellations as central drivers of recent growth in space activity.

On July 24, 2025, a software failure in SpaceX's core network services took the Starlink satellite internet system offline for roughly two and a half hours. The outage was global. Users in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia lost connectivity simultaneously. Network monitoring firm NetBlocks reported that overall Starlink connectivity dropped to just 16 percent of ordinary levels at the peak of the disruption. Over 61,000 users reported the failure on outage-tracking services. Maritime operations, mining facilities, rural emergency services, and military units in Ukraine all experienced what Starlink's vice president of engineering later described as a failure of key internal software services.

On February 11, 2026, Ukrainian forces made gains in the Zaporizhzhia region after Russian frontline units lost access to Starlink. SpaceX had disconnected Starlink terminals near the front lines after a request from Ukraine, which said Russian forces were using the satellite internet system to direct their units on the battlefield and pilot drones. A senior NATO official told reporters that taking away that link had put Russian forces into a command-and-control predicament. The village of Kosivtseve reportedly changed hands within days.

When Amazon unveiled its plans for a satellite broadband network in April 2019, the project had no consumer brand, no launched hardware, and no certainty about when it would deliver a single byte of data to a paying customer. What it did have was a code name drawn from astronomy: Project Kuiper, named after the Kuiper Belt, the vast ring of icy objects beyond Neptune that forms one of the solar system's most distant structural features. It was, as Amazon later acknowledged, an early internal label that served well enough for years of development but was never intended to stick as a public identity.

Satellites have no armor. They carry no weapons in the traditional sense, and most of them can't maneuver to avoid an attack. Yet they are the central nervous system of every modern military, and the electromagnetic signals they transmit and receive are among the most contested terrain on Earth. Electronic space warfare is the practice of attacking, disrupting, degrading, or denying those signals, or defending them against someone trying to do the same.

The modern economy depends on invisible layers of infrastructure that most users rarely notice until something fails. One of the most important of those layers is Global Navigation Satellite System technology, usually shortened to GNSS. It provides positioning, navigation, and timing services that support daily consumer activity, industrial operations, transportation systems, financial networks, and government functions. The term includes the United States’ GPS, the European Union’s Galileo, China’s BeiDou, and Russia’s GLONASS. Together, these constellations create a global architecture that enables receivers on the ground, at sea, in the air, and in connected machines to determine position and synchronize time with extraordinary precision.

Earth observation has moved far beyond its earlier role as a specialist function associated mainly with national space agencies, scientific missions, and defense users. It now operates as a working layer inside the modern economy. Satellite imagery, geospatial data products, derived analytics, and monitoring services support decisions across agriculture, climate services, infrastructure, insurance, finance, maritime activity, energy, emergency response, urban development, and environmental management. This change matters because it has turned Earth observation from a mission-centered activity into a commercial information market.

In 1941, as the United States prepared for war, the government created an agency called the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service, tasked with systematically listening to overseas radio transmissions and extracting intelligence from them. The work was unglamorous by the standards of spycraft, but it produced results. Among its documented findings was a statistical correlation between fluctuations in the price of oranges being broadcast on French radio and the timing of successful Allied bombing raids against railway bridges carrying supply traffic. The connection emerged entirely from publicly available broadcast data, without a single covert operative required.

When the Space Foundation published its Space Report 2025 Q2 and announced that the global space economy reached $613 billion in 2024, the headline figure captured widespread attention. Less examined was the question behind the number: who, exactly, is spending that money? The answer matters enormously to every company selling satellite data, launch capacity, navigation signals, or orbital services, because the buyer on the other end of a transaction determines pricing power, contract structure, risk tolerance, and long-term growth potential.

Something fundamental shifted in the global defense economy after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Governments that had spent thirty years harvesting a peace dividend began spending again, not incrementally but aggressively. What followed was not a budget adjustment. It was a structural break.

In March 2026, NASA had Artemis II back on the pad for a launch opportunity no earlier than April 1, while the same agency had already redefined Artemis III from a crewed lunar landing into a low Earth orbit demonstration of commercial lander rendezvous and docking. At the same time, Firefly Aerospace was promoting the first fully successful commercial lunar landing through Blue Ghost Mission 1 , Astrobotic was targeting a July 2026 window for Griffin Mission One , and Intuitive Machines was advancing IM-3 for a Reiner Gamma delivery. Exploration in 2026 is moving forward, yet the path is no longer the clean staircase once sold to governments, investors, and the public.

The European Space Agency published its annual Report on the Space Economy in March 2025, and the picture it paints is one of an industry accelerating in some directions while quietly contracting in others. Globally, public space budgets hit a new all-time high of €122 billion in 2024. Private investors poured €7 billion into space ventures. Launch activity grew for the third consecutive year at double-digit rates. But underneath that headline growth lies a more complicated story, one where Europe's industrial position continues to erode and where a single company's satellite constellation is reshaping the metrics used to measure the entire sector.