As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Science fiction as a literary genre has roots that stretch back centuries, with works exploring futuristic ideas, advanced technologies, space travel, and speculative scientific concepts. Below are some of the earliest examples of science fiction novels, with each representing a significant contribution to the development of the genre.

The True History (circa 2nd century) by Lucian of Samosata

One of the oldest works often cited as an early form of science fiction is The True History by the Greek-speaking Syrian writer Lucian of Samosata. This satirical narrative includes elements that would later become hallmarks of science fiction: space travel, extraterrestrial life, and interplanetary warfare. Lucian’s work explores fantastical scenarios with humor and irony, setting a precedent for speculative fiction.

Utopia (1516) by Thomas More

Thomas More’s Utopia is a foundational work in the utopian tradition, describing an idealized society on an imaginary island. This text explores political and social ideas that became central to later science fiction, particularly in the subgenres of utopian and dystopian literature.

Somnium (1634) by Johannes Kepler

Published posthumously, Johannes Kepler’s Somnium (Latin for “The Dream”) is often considered one of the first science fiction narratives. It describes a voyage to the Moon and speculates on the nature of lunar life and celestial mechanics. Kepler’s work, rooted in scientific inquiry and imagination, paved the way for stories blending science with fiction.

The Blazing World (1666) by Margaret Cavendish

Margaret Cavendish’s The Blazing World is often regarded as one of the first pieces of science fiction by a woman. This work tells of a young woman who is transported to another world and crowned empress of an alien civilization. Cavendish explores themes of science, philosophy, and feminist thought, making it an important early speculative work.

Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a satirical narrative that, like The True History, incorporates speculative elements such as fictional societies, strange creatures, and journeys to distant lands. Although often classified as fantasy, it has strong science fiction elements, especially in its exploration of technology and society.

Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is widely regarded as the first true science fiction novel, marking a pivotal moment for the genre. Shelley’s exploration of a scientist who creates life through experimental science examines themes of ethics, human ambition, and the dangers of unrestrained scientific progress, establishing the foundation for modern science fiction.

The Last Man (1826) by Mary Shelley

Another early science fiction work by Mary Shelley, The Last Man is set in a dystopian future and deals with themes of plague, isolation, and the downfall of humanity. This novel is one of the first to present an apocalyptic scenario, exploring human resilience and existential despair in a speculative context.

Voyage to the Moon (1827) by Cyrano de Bergerac

Cyrano de Bergerac’s Voyage to the Moon (and the sequel, Voyage to the Sun) is an early example of space travel literature. It imagines voyages to the Moon and Sun, exploring alien civilizations and satirizing societal norms. This work influenced many subsequent writers and contributed to the evolution of space exploration narratives.

The Time Machine (1895) by H.G. Wells

Although published toward the end of the 19th century, H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine is a seminal early science fiction work that popularized the concept of time travel. Wells used speculative technology as a narrative device to explore social and evolutionary ideas, establishing themes that continue to influence the genre.

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) by Jules Verne

Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a landmark in science fiction, with its detailed description of advanced underwater travel and exploration. Verne’s work blends adventure with scientific speculation, and his influence is seen in the genre’s fascination with technological innovation.

Summary of Early Science Fiction Themes

These early novels laid the groundwork for modern science fiction, exploring themes that remain central to the genre today:

• Humanity’s role in the cosmos – Works like The True History and Somnium explore humanity’s place among the stars and other worlds.
• Scientific ethics and responsibility – Frankenstein presents questions about the morality of scientific pursuits, a recurring theme in science fiction.
• Utopian and dystopian visions – Utopia and The Last Man investigate the potential futures of society, contrasting idealized worlds with apocalyptic outcomes.
• Advanced technology and exploration – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and The Time Machine showcase speculative technology and its implications for humanity.

These novels not only entertained but also challenged readers to think critically about the future of humanity, science, and society. Their influence is profound, laying the foundation for a genre that would expand dramatically in the 20th century and continue to shape global storytelling today.

Best Selling Science Fiction Books

Last update on 2025-12-22 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API