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First Stonehenge monument constructed
The first henge monument at Stonehenge dates to about 3000 BCE.
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Solar-aligned Stonehenge stone circle erected
Stonehenge’s central stones were arranged to align with solstitial movements of the Sun.
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Egyptian calendars documented by the Old Kingdom
Calendars based on lunar cycles and agricultural seasons had developed by about 2450 BCE.
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Nebra Sky Disc deposited near Nebra
The Nebra Sky Disc was buried on the Mittelberg near Nebra around 1600 BCE.
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Early Chinese sunspot observations recorded
NASA’s solar history associates sunspot observations in the Book of Changes with approximately 800 BCE.
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Pythagorean astronomy develops
Pythagoras is included in NASA’s chronology of the early mathematical study of astronomy.
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Meton introduces a calendar in Athens
Meton introduced a calendar connecting lunar months with the solar year.
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Aristarchus proposes a Sun-centered arrangement
Aristarchus estimated the Sun’s size and distance and proposed that Earth moves around the Sun.
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Eratosthenes estimates Earth’s size
Eratosthenes used geometrical reasoning to estimate the size of Earth.
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Chankillo solar observatory operates
Chankillo’s towers and observation points served as a solar calendar in ancient Peru.
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Halley’s Comet recorded in China
Chinese observations provide the first reliably recorded appearance of Halley’s Comet.
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Antikythera mechanism dates to the late Hellenistic period
The National Archaeological Museum dates the mechanism and its astronomical inscriptions to around 150–100 BCE.
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Hipparchus identifies precession
Hipparchus identified precession of the equinoxes and estimated the Moon’s distance.
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Roman calendar reform instituted
Julius Caesar reformed the Roman calendar, establishing the basis of the Julian calendar.
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Ptolemy compiles the Almagest
Ptolemy’s astronomical synthesis set out a geocentric mathematical model of planetary motion.
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Chinese observers record the guest star SN 185
Chinese records describe a guest star associated by modern astronomers with supernova SN 185.
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Chinese observers record SN 393
Chinese astronomers recorded a guest star interpreted as supernova SN 393.
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Aryabhatiya composed
Aryabhata composed the Aryabhatiya, an influential work on mathematics and astronomy.
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Brahmasphutasiddhanta written
Brahmagupta wrote the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, addressing mathematical and astronomical calculations.
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House of Wisdom develops under al-Ma’mun
The Baghdad institution supported the study and transmission of scientific and astronomical knowledge.