Synopsis
Space exploration and long-term habitation have gained increasing interest in recent years. However, several constraints linked to launch systems affect the cost, volume, and mass of structures sent into space. The factory in space (FIS) concept proposes manufacturing and assembling parts directly in space rather than on Earth. This allows launching components of large structures to be built and assembled in space robotically.
FIS leads to cost reductions by decreasing initial take-off weight and reducing dependence on spare parts. Currently, waste management is a critical challenge. Implementing the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) helps manage and reduce space waste.
The paper reviews research efforts to integrate manufacturing systems into space exploration. It examines materials and waste generated during space missions to understand requirements for FIS. Food, packaging, hygiene products, and human waste comprise most waste. Disposal methods include ejecting waste to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere or processing into propellant.
Recycling efforts focus on crew clothing and plastic into 3D printing feedstock. Polymers exposed externally degrade, but the ISS internal environment is more favorable for feedstock storage. Experiments show microgravity enables unique manufacturing methods. Efforts by NASA, ESA, and companies demonstrate 3D printing and assembly of parts in space.
Adopting circular economy principles, like recycling and reusing, is paramount for sustainable, affordable and self-sufficient space exploration. Effective waste management through the 3Rs could enable closed-loop systems for energy production. As costs fall and infrastructure develops, FIS appears more feasible.
Further research should evaluate FIS models and methods under a space circular economy. In-space manufacturing could accelerate commercialization by enabling onsite component repair and reducing launch costs. Overall, FIS is a promising solution to enable flexible, sustainable long-term space missions.
