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Space debris, often referred to as space junk, consists of defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from previous missions. As the quantity of debris increases, so does the risk to operational satellites and other space-based infrastructure. Common discussions focus on collision risks, environmental consequences, and mitigation efforts. However, there are lesser-known aspects of space junk that highlight its complexities and unexpected implications.
Abandoned Tools and Other Unusual Objects Contribute to the Problem
While most space junk consists of satellite remnants and rocket parts, astronauts have accidentally lost tools and small objects during missions. Items such as wrenches, gloves, and even a spatula have drifted into orbit. These objects may seem insignificant, but at high speeds, even a small screw can cause substantial damage to spacecraft. In 2008, astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper lost her tool bag during a spacewalk, adding yet another object to the growing collection of orbital debris.
Space Debris Travels Faster Than a Bullet
Objects in low Earth orbit do not simply drift aimlessly; they move incredibly fast. The typical speed of space debris ranges between 24,000 and 28,000 kilometers per hour. To put this into perspective, a high-speed bullet travels at approximately 4,000 kilometers per hour. This immense velocity means that even small fragments can cause serious damage upon impact. Spacecraft need protective shielding to mitigate damage caused by these high-velocity collisions.
Collisions in Space Create Even More Debris
When objects in orbit collide, they break apart into multiple fragments, increasing the number of hazardous objects. A notable example occurred in 2009 when an inactive Russian satellite collided with an operational American communications satellite. This event generated thousands of debris pieces, many of which continue to pose threats to other satellites. The accumulation of such debris has fueled concerns about a scenario known as the Kessler Syndrome, in which cascading collisions make parts of Earth’s orbit unusable.
Some Pieces of Space Junk Fall Back to Earth
Not all space debris remains in orbit indefinitely. Some objects gradually lose altitude due to atmospheric drag and re-enter Earth’s atmosphere. While most of these objects burn up before reaching the surface, larger debris can survive re-entry. In 1979, fragments of Skylab, NASA’s first space station, fell across Western Australia. More recently, uncontrolled re-entries of pieces from Chinese Long March rockets have raised concerns about the potential dangers of debris landing in populated areas.
Cleaning Up Space Junk Is a Growing (?) Industry
Several organizations and companies are working on technologies to address the problem of orbital debris. Some proposed solutions include using harpoons, nets, and robotic arms to capture and remove defunct satellites. The European Space Agency’s ClearSpace-1 mission, planned for later this decade, is expected to use a robotic spacecraft to capture and deorbit a piece of debris. Private companies are also experimenting with using lasers and other technologies to alter the trajectories of hazardous objects.
Satellites Are Designed to Avoid Debris
Due to the risks posed by space debris, satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) are often maneuvered to avoid collisions. Operators track debris using radar systems and predictive models to determine whether course adjustments are necessary. The ISS regularly performs avoidance maneuvers to steer clear of potential impacts. These maneuvers require careful planning to ensure they do not interfere with ongoing missions.
Space Junk Can Be a Legal and Diplomatic Challenge
Determining liability when space debris causes damage can be complicated. According to the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention, nations are responsible for the objects they launch, even if they are no longer operational. However, with thousands of objects in orbit, tracking the origins of specific debris can be challenging. Additionally, countries may disagree on aspects of responsibility and financial compensation, making space debris not only a technological concern but also a matter of international law.
Microscopic Space Debris Can Erode Spacecraft Materials
While larger debris fragments present the most immediate threat to active satellites, even microscopic particles pose risks. Small flecks of paint, metal fragments, or frozen fuel particles travel at high speeds and can gradually erode the surfaces of spacecraft. Over time, these tiny impacts can weaken structural integrity and degrade instruments. Engineers account for this hazard when designing spacecraft materials, often incorporating protective coatings to reduce wear.
Space Junk Can Affect Astronomical Observations
The growing number of artificial objects in orbit has an impact on ground-based astronomy. Reflections from satellites and debris create streaks in telescope images, interfering with observations of distant celestial objects. Researchers working with large observatories must develop techniques to filter out unwanted light pollution caused by these artificial objects. Additionally, space junk adds another layer of complexity to maintaining dark skies for scientific research.
Future Space Missions Must Account for Debris Risks
As missions increase in complexity and ambition, space agencies and private companies must consider the risks associated with space debris. Mission planners assess potential hazards and develop strategies to reduce risk, such as choosing safer orbital paths or designing spacecraft with end-of-life disposal plans. In some cases, satellites are built with propulsion systems specifically for deorbiting once they are no longer needed. Managing the challenges posed by existing debris will be an ongoing issue for future exploration and commercial activities.
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