The International Space Station (ISS), a marvel of human engineering and international collaboration, has been orbiting Earth for over two decades. While its primary function is to conduct scientific research in a microgravity environment, the ISS has also inadvertently become a subject of archaeological interest. This article explores the unique field of archaeology on the ISS, examining the methods used, the challenges faced, and the insights gained from studying this extraordinary orbiting laboratory. It also reviews the current state of ISS archaeology, highlighting ongoing projects and the individuals and organizations involved in this fascinating field.

The ISS as an Archaeological Site

At first glance, it might seem unusual to consider the ISS an archaeological site. After all, it’s a modern, continuously inhabited structure, not an ancient ruin buried beneath layers of earth. However, archaeologists are increasingly recognizing the value of studying contemporary sites to understand human behavior and cultural change in the recent past.The ISS, with its unique environment and history, offers a fascinating opportunity for such research.

The ISS is a complex and dynamic environment, constantly evolving as new modules are added, equipment is upgraded,and experiments are conducted. This constant change, coupled with the challenges of working in microgravity, creates a unique archaeological record. Unlike terrestrial sites, where artifacts and features may remain undisturbed for centuries,the ISS is subject to frequent cleaning, maintenance, and rearrangement. This means that archaeologists must be creative and adaptable in their approach to documenting and interpreting the site.

Methods of ISS Archaeology

Archaeologists studying the ISS use a variety of methods to document and analyze the site. These methods can be broadly categorized into two types: remote sensing and in-situ investigation.

Remote Sensing

Remote sensing techniques involve collecting data about the ISS from a distance, without physically visiting the site. This is particularly important for the ISS, as access is limited and expensive. Astronauts participate in supporting archaeology related remote sensing activities inside the ISS. Remote sensing methods used in ISS archaeology include:

• Photogrammetry: This technique involves creating 3D models of the ISS interior using photographs taken by astronauts. These models can be used to document the layout of the station, track changes over time, and identify areas of interest for further investigation.
• Laser scanning: Similar to photogrammetry, laser scanning creates detailed 3D models of the ISS using laser beams. This method can be particularly useful for documenting hard-to-reach areas or capturing fine details of the station’s structure.
• Video analysis: Astronauts regularly record videos of their activities on the ISS. These videos can provide valuable insights into how the station is used, how astronauts interact with their environment, and how the station’s layout affects their daily lives.

In-Situ Investigation

While remote sensing provides a valuable overview of the ISS, in-situ investigation is essential for a more detailed understanding of the site. This involves traveling to the ISS, or working with astronauts on the ISS and conducting archaeological fieldwork, such as:

• Artifact analysis: The ISS is home to a wide variety of objects, from scientific equipment to personal belongings.Analyzing these artifacts can reveal insights into the daily lives of astronauts, the technologies they use, and the cultural practices that develop in space.
• Spatial analysis: The ISS is a confined and carefully planned environment. Studying the layout of the station and how astronauts use space can reveal patterns of behavior, social interaction, and adaptation to microgravity.
• Ethnographic observation: Observing astronauts as they work and live on the ISS can provide valuable context for understanding the archaeological record. This can involve interviews, participant observation, and collecting personal narratives.

Challenges of ISS Archaeology

Archaeology on the ISS presents a number of unique challenges. These include:

• Access: The ISS is a remote and expensive location to visit. This limits the number of archaeologists who can conduct fieldwork and the amount of time they can spend on the station.
• Microgravity: Working in microgravity presents a number of challenges for archaeologists, from moving around the station to handling delicate artifacts.
• Contamination: The ISS is a carefully controlled environment, and archaeologists must take precautions to avoid contaminating the station or its scientific experiments.
• Data management: The ISS generates a vast amount of data, from photographs and videos to scientific measurements. Managing and analyzing this data can be a complex task.

Current State of ISS Archaeology

While the field of ISS archaeology is still in its early stages, several projects and initiatives are underway to document and study the station’s archaeological record.

• The ISS Archaeological Project: This project, led by Dr. Justin Walsh and Dr. Alice Gorman, is one of the first dedicated efforts to apply archaeological methods to the study of the ISS. The project uses a combination of remote sensing and in-situ investigation to document the station’s physical structure, artifacts, and cultural practices.
• NASA’s History Program: NASA’s History Program is responsible for preserving and interpreting the agency’s historical records and artifacts. While not specifically focused on archaeology, the program’s work is essential for providing context and background for archaeological research on the ISS.
• Individual Researchers: In addition to these organized efforts, several individual researchers are conducting archaeological studies of the ISS. These researchers come from a variety of backgrounds, including archaeology,anthropology, history, and space studies.

Future Directions

As the ISS continues to operate and evolve, the field of ISS archaeology is poised for further growth and development. Future research directions may include:

• Longitudinal studies: Tracking changes in the ISS over time, from its construction to its eventual decommissioning, can provide valuable insights into the long-term evolution of human activity in space.
• Comparative studies: Comparing the ISS to other space habitats, such as lunar bases or Martian settlements, can reveal patterns of human adaptation and cultural change in different space environments.
• Public engagement: Sharing the findings of ISS archaeology with the public can help raise awareness of the importance of space heritage and inspire future generations of space explorers.

Summary

Archaeology on the ISS is a new and exciting field, offering a unique perspective on human activity in space. By studying the ISS as an archaeological site, we can gain valuable insights into human adaptation, technological change, cultural practices, and the archaeology of the recent past. As we continue to explore and expand our presence in space, the field of ISS archaeology is sure to grow and evolve, providing new and unexpected discoveries about ourselves and our place in the cosmos. The ongoing work of researchers and organizations dedicated to this field promises to illuminate the rich and complex history of the ISS, ensuring that its legacy as a testament to human ingenuity and international collaboration is preserved for future generations.